robert ii stewart

Robert II (2 March 1316 – 19 April 1390) reigned as King of Scotland from 1371 to his death in 1390 as the first monarch of the House of Stewart. King Robert II has also many illegitimate children with several mistresses, including four sons with his favorite Mariota de Cardeny, daughter of Sir John Cardeny, and widow of Alexander Mac Naugthon: By Moira Leitch (according to tradition): Robert II has been depicted in historical novels. 2. Robert succeeded David in 1371, and was crowned at Scone on March 26. [35], David was buried at Holyrood Abbey almost immediately but an armed protest by William, Earl of Douglas delayed Robert II's coronation until 26 March 1371. Follows the career of John Dunbar, Earl of Moray in the courts of David II of Scotland and Robert II. Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March escaped or fled the field and David was taken prisoner. "[66] Donaldson goes further and debates the legality of the canon law marriage of Robert and Elizabeth Mure following the papal dispensation, but acknowledges that the Acts of Succession in 1371 and 1372, although sealing the matter in the eyes of Parliament, did not end the generational feud of the descendants of Elizabeth Mure and of Euphemia Ross. Throughout his reign, Robert spent long periods in his Gaelic heartlands and complaints at the time in Lowland Scotland seem to have been influenced by the view that the king was too much involved in Gaelic concerns. [40], The Stewarts greatly increased their holdings in the west, in Atholl, and in the far north: the earldoms of Fife and Menteith went to Robert II's second surviving son, Robert; the earldoms of Buchan and Ross (along with the lordship of Badenoch) to his fourth son, Alexander; and the earldoms of Strathearn and Caithness to the eldest son of his second marriage, David. [8] The Scots forayed into England in March 1296—this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking Berwick on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at Dunbar on 27 April. His mother survived his birth by some hours at most. Robert called a Council in September, probably for working out how to proceed when the truce concluded, and to decide how the war was to proceed thereafter. (See photo above.). For an account of the background to Buchan's activities in the north of Scotland and the context in which he operated see Boardman, The date of Robert II's death and the disputed date of Robert II's burial and the reasons for the delay in Robert III's coronation are explained by, John P. Ravilious, ‘ "Nephew of the Duke": the Danielstons of that Ilk, and a hitherto unknown daughter of Robert II, King of Scots,’, Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, David Strathbogie, titular earl of Atholl, George Dunbar, Earl of March (also known as Earl of Dunbar), Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland, "The Scottish Royal Dynasties 842–1625", "Lords of Misrule",synopsis from the bookjacket, "Tranter first edition books, publication timeline",part IV, "Murray , Sir Andrew, of Bothwell (1298–1338)", "Balliol, Edward (b. in or after 1281, d. 1364)", Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_II_of_Scotland&oldid=1004204583, Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Johanna (Jean), married Sir John Keith (died 1375), then. Their son became Robert II, the first Stewart king. [2] In 1315 parliament removed Marjorie's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce. In 1384 he appointed his heir John, Earl of Carrick (later to become King Robert III), to enforce authority on his behalf. During his imprisonment, his uncle Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, became Regent of Scotland and ruled in James' absence. [10] Boardman explains that Robert II was subjected to negative propaganda while he was High Steward—David II's followers denigrated his conduct during his lieutenancies and described them as "tyranny"—and again later as king when the supporters of his son John, Earl of Carrick said that Robert was a king lacking drive and accomplishments, weighed down by age and unfit to govern. In October 1357, the king was ransomed for 100,000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years. [53] Despite this, by 26 July, the Scots were part of the truce that would expire in October. [81] Lynch suggests that the troubles of the 1450s between James II and the Douglases (which some historians have interpreted as the legacy of Robert II's policy of encouraging powerful lordships), was in fact a continuation of David II's build-up of local lords in the Marches and Galloway—Robert was satisfied with government to leave alone the Douglas and the Stewart earls in their fiefdoms. In 1364 David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue. [1] He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute, Clydeside, and in Renfrew. Father, died: 1390 (10) KING ROBERT II. Robert married in 1347 to Elizabeth MURE Countess of Strathearn b: ABT 1315 in Rowallan, Ayrshire, Scotland. [73] Contrary to Froissart's view, the early Scottish chroniclers—Andrew of Wyntoun and Walter Bower (who both utilised a source that was nearly contemporary with Robert II)—and later 15th and 16th-century Scottish chroniclers and poets showed 'Robert II as a Scottish patriotic hero, a defender of the integrity of the Scottish kingdom, and as the direct heir to Robert I'. Its terms were that in turn for David's freedom, a ransom of 100,000 marks would be paid in annual installments over ten years—only the first two payments were completed initially and nothing further until 1366. He was one of the leaders of the Scottish army at the battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333; and after gaining some successes over the adherents of Edward Balliol in the west of Scotland, he and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (d. 1346), were chosen as regents of the kingdom, while David sought safety in France. Nicholson asserts that the Earl of Douglas was bought off following his armed demonstration just before Robert's coronation, and associates this with the doubt surrounding the legitimacy of Robert's sons with Elizabeth Mure. [45] Attacks on the English held zones, with the near-certain backing of Robert, began in 1373 and accelerated in the years 1375–7. [80], Michael Lynch points out that Robert II's reign from 1371 until the lieutenancy of Carrick in 1384 had been one exemplified by continued prosperity and stability – a time which Abbot Bower described as a period of "tranquility, prosperity and peace". [49] In early February the Scots—apparently unaware of the conclusion of an Anglo-French truce on 26 January 1384 that included the Scots in the cease-fire—conducted an all-out attack on the English zones winning back Lochmaben Castle and Teviotdale. [54] Despite this, by 26 July, the Scots were part of the truce that would expire in October. [57] Robert's differences with the Carrick affinity regarding the conduct of the war and his continued failure or unwillingness to deal with Buchan in the north led to the political convulsion of November 1384 when the Council removed the king's authority to govern and appointed Carrick as lieutenant of the kingdom—a coup d’état had taken place. They had four children: David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn, born about 1356 and died in 1389. Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey. Euphemia de Ross (died 1386), a member of Clan Ross, was Queen of Scots as the second wife of Robert II of Scotland.. Life. London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986), FHL book 942 C4rg no. He was heir to the thrown and died under suspicious circumstances, possibly murdered by his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. He not only had two wives who had numerous children but many mistresses who had babies as well. [82] The weakening of government if anything, Lynch suggests, came not before the 1384 coup but after it, despite the fact that the coup had at its root Robert II's favouring of his third son, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan (known as the Wolf of Badenoch). In the past, Robert has also been known as Stewart Robert Warren, Robert W Stewart and Robert Warren Stewart. [10] In a charter dated 25 July 1378 the king decreed that Coldingham Priory would no longer be a daughter house of the English Durham Priory but was to be attached to Dunfermline Abbey. In 1362–63 he joined his father in a futile revolt against King David II, who both imprisoned him and created him earl of … As the elderly king has grown "feeble, weary and half-blind", his sons, daughters and other nobles campaign for power. In his foreword, the series’s editor Norman Macdougall states the book is “the first scholarly study of the early Stewart kings.” [74] Grant seriously called into question the dependability of Froissart's writings as an effective source for Robert II's reign. At this time, none of his sons had heirs so it became necessary for a system to be devised to define precisely the circumstances in which each of his sons could inherit the crown—none of this would take precedence over normal succession by Primogeniture. Marjorie, married John Dunbar, Earl of Moray, then Sir Alexander Keith. King James I. [11] Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333—only the castles of Kildrummy (held by Christian Bruce, elder sister of Robert I and wife of Andrew Murray of Bothwell), Loch Leven, Loch Doon, and Urquhart held out against Balliol forces. Douglas died without an heir, which led to various claims upon the title and estate—Carrick backed Malcolm Drummond, the husband of Douglas's sister, while Fife sided with the successful appellant, Sir Archibald Douglas, lord of Galloway who possessed an entail on the Douglas estates. Elizabeth married Thomas de la Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland. 1 1. The Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re-appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341. He grew up in his ancestral lands in the west and was completely at ease with the Gaelic language and culture and possessed a potent relationship with the Gaelic lords in the Hebrides, upper Perthshire and Argyll. By 1354 ongoing negotiations for the king's release reached the stage where a proposal of a straight ransom payment of 90,000 marks to be repaid over nine years, guaranteed by the provision of 20 high-ranking hostages, was agreed—this understanding was destroyed by Robert when he bound the Scots to a French action against the English in 1355. Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the only child of Walter Stewart, High Steward of Scotland and King Robert I's daughter Marjorie Bruce, who died probably in 1317 following a riding accident.

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